INTERIOR DESIGN

Interior design

Interior design is a multi–faceted profession in which creative and technical solutions are applied within a structure to achieve a built interior environment and home lifestyle enhancement.
     The interior design process follows a systematic and coordinated methodology, including research, analysis, and integration of knowledge into the creative process, whereby the needs and resources of the client are satisfied to produce an interior space that fulfills the project goals.

Working conditions

There are a wide range of working conditions and employment opportunities within interior design. Large and tiny corporations often hire interior designers as employees on regular working hours. Designers for smaller firms usually work on a contract or per-job basis. Self-employed designers, which make up 26% of interior designers,[2] usually work the most hours. Interior designers often work under stress to meet deadlines, stay on budget, and meet clients' needs. In some cases, licensed professionals review the work and sign it before submitting the design for approval by clients or construction permisioning. The need for licensed review and signature varies by locality, relevant legislation, and scope of work. Their work can involve significant travel to visit different locations, however with technology development, the process of contacting clients and communicating design alternatives has become easier and requires less travel.[3] They also renovate a space to satisfy the specific taste for a client.

Earnings

Interior design earnings vary based on employer, number of years with experience, and the reputation of the individual. For residential projects, self-employed interior designers usually earn a per-hour fee plus a percentage of the total cost of furniture, lighting, artwork, and other design elements. For commercial projects, they may charge per-hour fees, or a flat fee for the whole project. The median annual earning for wage and salary interior designers, in the year 2006, was $42,260. The middle 50% earned between $31,830 and $57,230. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $24,270, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $78,760.[4][5] For example, if a person opens a business and decides to specialize in furniture design and flooring, they will get only clients focusing on these topics rather than a variety of every type of issue that comes with designing a home.

Interior styles

A style, or theme, is a consistent idea used throughout a room to create a feeling of completeness. Styles are not to be confused with design concepts, or the higher-level party, which involve a deeper understanding of the architectural context, the socio-cultural and the programmatic requirements of the client. These themes often follow period styles. Examples of this are Louis XV, Louis XVI, Victorian, Islamic, Feng Shui, International, Mid-Century Modern, Minimalist, English Georgian, Gothic, Indian Mughal, Art Deco, and many more.
     The evolution of interior decoration themes has now grown to include themes not necessarily consistent with a specific period style allowing the mixing of pieces from different periods. Each element should contribute to form, function, or both and maintain a consistent standard of quality and combine to create the desired design. A designer develops a home architecture and interior design for a customer that has a style and theme that the prospective owner likes and mentally connects to. For the last 10 years, decorators, designers, and architects have been re-discovering the unique furniture that was developed post-war of the 1950s and the 1960s from new material that were developed for military applications. Some of the trendsetters include Charles and Ray Eames, Knoll and Herman Miller. Themes in home design are usually not overused, but serves as a guideline for designing.

DESIGN ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES

Design elements and principles
Design elements and principles explain fundamental method about the practice of good visual design that are assumed to be the basis of all intentional visual design strategies. The elements form the 'vocabulary' of the design, while the principles constitute the broader structural aspects of its composition. Awareness of the elements and principles in design is the first step in creating successful visual compositions. These principles, which may overlap, are used in all visual design fields, including graphic design, industrial design, architecture and fine art.
      The principles of design are as varied as attitudes regarding modern design. They differ both between the schools of thought that influence design, and between individual practicing designers.

Elements of Art
Design elements are the basic units of a visual image. These elements include:


The 3 F's: Form follows function is known as the 3 f's of Design. Form refers to what something looks like, and function refers to how it works.
Space:Space is the area provided for a particular purpose. It may have two dimensions (length and width), such as a floor, or it may have three dimensions (length, width, and height). Space includes the background, foreground and middle ground. Space refers to the distances or areas around, between or within components of a piece. There are two types of space: positive and negative space. Positive space refers to the space of a shape representing the subject matter. Negative space refers to the space around and between the subject matter.

Line:Line is the basic element that refers to the continuous movement of a point along a surface, such as by a pencil or brush. The edges of shapes and forms also create lines. It is the basic component of a shape drawn on paper. Lines and curves are the basic building blocks of two dimensional shapes like a house's plan. Every line has length, thickness, and direction. There are curved, horizontal, vertical, diagonal, zigzag, wavy, parallel, dash, and dotted lines.

Color:Color is seen either by the way light reflects off a surface, or in colored light sources. Color and particularly contrasting color is also used to draw the attention to a particular part of the image. There are primary colors, secondary colors, and tertiary colors. Complementary colors are colors that are opposite to each other on the color wheel. Complementary colors are used to create contrast. Analogous colors are colors that are found side by side on the color wheel. These can be used to create color harmony. Monochromatic colors are tints and shades of one color. Warm colors are a group of colors that consist of reds, yellows, and oranges. Cool colors are group of colors that consist of purples, greens, and blues.

Shape: A shape is defined as an area that stands out from the space next to or around it due to a defined or implied boundary, or because of differences of value, color, or texture.[1] Shapes can also show perspective by overlapping. They can be geometric or organic. Shapes in house decor and interior design can be used to add interest, style, theme to a design like a door. Shape in interior design depends on the function of the object like a kitchen cabinet door. Natural shapes forming patterns on wood or stone may help increase visual appeal in interior design. In a landscape, natural shapes, such as trees contrast with geometric such as houses.

Texture: Texture is perceived surface quality. In art, there are two types of texture: tactile and implied. Tactile texture (real texture) is the way the surface of an object actually feels. Examples of this include sandpaper, cotton balls, tree bark, puppy fur, etc. Implied texture is the way the surface of an object looks like it feels. The texture may look rough, fizzy, gritty, but cannot actually be felt. This type of texture is used by artists when drawing or painting.

Form: Form is any three dimensional object. Form can be measured, from top to bottom (height), side to side (width), and from back to front (depth). Form is also defined by light and dark. There are two types of form, geometric (man-made) and natural (organic form). Form may be created by the combining of two or more shapes. It may be enhanced by tone, texture and color. It can be illustrated or constructed.

Value: Value is an element of art that refers to the relationship between light and dark on a surface or object and also helps with Form. It gives objects depth and perception. Value is also referred to as tone

MY ART GALLARY

STUDY OF ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE SKILLS FOR LIFE AND CAREER IN ARCHITECTURE

Hello everyone, it’s been a long time! Today we’ll discuss about.

Why study Architecture?
Why would a career in architecture attract us? Well if you're that kind of person who is curious about your surroundings, then you might just be interested in learning how to improve them. As an architect you would have the power and responsibility to shape the environments in which people spend their daily lives. This makes architecture one of the most influential professions on today's society.
Architecture reflects the society that builds it, but it also affects the way that society develops. This means that architects are needed who can respond to the different needs and values of all sections of the community. However in the past most architects were drawn from a fairly narrow sector of the society. In the future it is essential that we ensure that architecture represents every social and cultural background.

Architecture - skills for life
There is no denying that architecture is a demanding profession. For it deals with many of the important issues in today's society, for instance exploring new ways of living, investigating new technologies and materials, and ensuring that what we build is environmentally sustainable. But most of all it involves designing the buildings that people are happy to look at and to use. This means that an architect must learn a wide range of different skills, even crossing the traditional boundaries between art and science. But this also means that an architectural education is one of the broadest on offer, equipping people with the talents to enter a broad range of different careers. Not only are here many different forms of architectural practice, ranging from small private firms to 16 public or corporate offices, but also an architectural degree can be the platform for a wide range of related careers. Some architecture graduates gain further qualifications in such specialist fields as planning, landscape on conservation, while others move on to work in television or theatre, or to become teachers or writers.

This is a selection of people who have made a career in architecture:

"Architecture job is to choose which buildings to publish. I see hundreds of buildings each year, and only select a few of them. Much of my time is spent looking round buildings with architects. So I have been on work trips to the USA, Germany, France, Portugal, Belgium and Finland." Isabel Allen, Architectural Journalist, London

"Training in architecture excited my interest in the structure, workings and appearance of towns and cities. It left me well prepared to move into a specialist role in town planning which has allowed me to play a significant role in the revitalisation of one of the country's major cities." Colin Haylock, Town Planner, Newcastle

" Traditional methods of building are enjoying a renaissance because they match the need for sustainable development and environmental concerns. This is the direction and challenge for architects involved in conservation, one that combines the best of modern design with conservation. It is the direction I would like to take our practice in the future." Stuart Page, Conservation Architect, Tunbridge Wells

" Although Landscape Architecture is not as prominent or as publicised as architecture or planning it does provide a rewarding career for those interested in art as design as well as the natural sciences. What sets this discipline apart from others in the construction industry is the aspect of time. While a building, once completed, merely ages, a landscape grows, evolves and matures, changing with the seasons." Helen Cochran, Landscape Architect, Edinburgh

"That's the beauty of Architecture. It can be all things for all people. Architecture is less about the design of buildings, than an attitude to life. It's about creativity, imagination and dreaming a better world for the future. Neil Leach, Writer and Lecturer, Nottingham

Taking the Right Steps

As you would expect of such a responsible career, educating as an architect is a serious business. You have to train for a minimum of seven years, which normally involves three key stages:

* A 5 year degree programme, on a university course that is recognised by the RIBA and the ARB. This is usually divided into two parts:
* A 3 year intermediate degree, known as RIBA Part 1
* A 2 year further degree, known as RIBA Part 2
* A minimum of 2 years professional practice in an architects' office or equivalent. One year is usually taken after part 1, and the other year after part 2. This is followed by the RIBA Professional Practice Examination, known as RIBA Part 3.

Having gained these qualifications you can register as an architect with the Architects' Registration board (ARB) and become a chartered member of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). Only when you have actually completed these stages, can you actually call yourself an architect, a title that is protected by the law, so the public can always be sure that you are properly qualified.

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

Introduction to Perspective Drawing

Perspective is Perspective in graphic arts is an approximated representation of an image as it is perceived by the eye on a flat surface. It can be  thought as an particular type of transformation from three dimensional space to a planar surface. The approximation has two main characteristics features, smaller as their distance from the observer increases, and foreshortened. Foreshortened means that the size of object’s dimensions along the line of sight are relatively shorter than dimensions across the line of sight. [1] With perspective, artists are able to add more realism into the art. Perspective drawings emphasize on the distance relationship along components in the frame.

A Brief History 

Before introducing perspective into graphics, paints and drawing has no clear way to describe the relationship between objects in the frame. Different sizes according to the thematic importance seems to be the only option to establish the relations. However such paints cannot be called as a coherent picture, rather than a group of distinct symbols. Overlapping is one of the old method to show the distance relationship between objects, but it’s a poor architectural drawings where certain parts are not clearly shown. The following figure shows a nonperspective drawing.

 

The surface 1 and 2 shows to be similar in size, where a distance relation is not shown in such paints.
Perspective first entered the artistic use around the 5th century B.C. in ancient Greece, where a flat panel is used to illustrate the concept of depth on the stage. The first set of geometric theories of perspective are developed by the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras and Democritus. Later Euclid’s Optics introduced a mathematical theory of perspectives. The most modern optical basis perspective was given in 1021 by Alhazen, who explained the light objects conically into the eyes. The first applicable geometric method of perspective drawing was found by Filippo Brunelleschi in 1415. He found that when painting the outline of building onto a mirror, the outline will converge on the horizon line by extending the outline far enough. The mathematical basis of perspective drawing is established during the period of Renaissance. During this time, a friend of Fillippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, showed not only the mathematics behind the conical projection, he also formulated the theory based on light rays from the viewer’s eyes to the landscape would strike the picture plane which is painting.  The height of the object should appear on the drawing could be simply calculated with two similar triangles, illustrated in the following figure.

Types of Perspective Drawing
 
Before getting into the descriptions of different perspectives, we will need to define a few terms first. Vanishing point, VP, is where the parallel lines appears to converge in a perspective drawing. When we are look at a railway trail that extends far away in a straight line, the trails seems to converge into a single point at far distance, and this point is known as vanishing point. Horizon line is the horizontal line that cross the picture frame. It’s always at eye level and its placement determines how we are looking at the object, from a higher position or a lower position. In perspective drawings a virtual horizon line is always needed to define which part of the object will be revealed in the picture. Figure 4 presents a picture to illustrate both vanishing point and horizon line. By adding in them in the graphics, we are actively attempting to represent the reality with our drawings.There are several different ways to define graphical perspectives, namely linear, curvilinear and reverse perspectives. Each of them plays an important role in different types of graphical works. In normal artistic works, linear perspective with single or multiple vanishing points is often used. The distinction between different types of perspective is determined by the number and placement of the vanishing points used in the perspective technique. One to three vanishing points usually exists for linear perspective. Five vanishing points mapped into a circle with 4 VP’s at the cardinal heading of north, south, west and east directions and one in circle origin are used in curvilinear perspectives. Last the reverse perspective will have vanishing points placed
outside, “in front”, of the painting.

Linear Perspective

There are three sub-types of linear perspective, one-, two- and three-point perspective, and as discussed above, the points refers to number of VP presents in drawings. The following figure represents how would a cube being drawn with all three types of linear perspective. Each linear perspectives has its own advantage over the other one based on how the object shown in the picture plane is constructed. One-point perspective most fits when the objects are made up of lines either parallel or perpendicular to viewer’s light of sight. The scene of painting is composed of entirely linear elements that interacts at right angle, which means the painting plane need to be parallel with two of the scene’s axis. Two-point perspective can be used to draw same objects as one-points, however the objects will be shown as rotated in the picture. The two-point perspective is used when the panting plane is only parallel to one of the scene’s axis, z-axis in the above figure. Three-point perspective is usually used for building seen from above (or below) and the painting plane is not parallel to any of the scene’s axis. It’s like to look up a tall building where the third VP will be high in the sky.

Curvilinear Perspective
Next, let’s take a look at curvilinear perspective which an graphical project of 3D object on 2SD surface. The image of any real object will be projected onto the retina of eye as we are looking at them. A curvilinear perspective uses 5 VP to simulate the spherical projection shape of retina, and it gives a more accurate representation of how we are actually looking at any 3D objects. Following figure shows the effect of curvilinear project.

Reverse Perspective
Reverse perspective is another new graphical perspective that developed in the modern time. It’s also known as inverse perspective or Byzantine perspective. As we mention previously, the perspectives add in the depth into the pictures. Normally in linear and curvilinear perspective, the further the object, the smaller they appear to be. In contrast, reverse perspective will have the opposite effect. The vanishing point is place out of the picture plane so that the lines of the object will diverge against the horizon line.

Mathematics Basis
The perspectives in drawing are not determined randomly, they all follow a particular geometrical rules during the construction. Euclid’s work of similar triangles are first used to formulate the theory behind perspective projections. Here we shall focus on 2 core components of graphic perspectives.

Perspective Projection / Transformation
Any planar artistic drawings are a 2D representation of 3D object in the real world. When translate the 3D object on to planar frame, we are performing an projection of the object. There are geometrical principles that govern this transformation in order to achieve a precise perspective drawing. The projection could be thought as looking through the viewfinder of a camera. The position of the camera, the orientation, and the field of view will determine the behaviour of the transformation. The location of the camera is also known as the center of perspectivity. In order to find the matrix representation, we will separate the projection into two steps, one is to transform the object`s coordinate into the coordinates of the camera, the other one is the projection of the object onto the image space. Let’s define the following terms to illustrate the first transformation: ax,y,x is the point on the 3D object, cx,y,z is the location of the camera, Ѳx,y,z is the orientation of the camera, and ex,y,z is the viewer`s position relative to the picture plane. bx,y will be the 2D
projection of point a. The in the left-hand system, the new coordinate of point a, could be found as following. dx,y,z will be the transformation of a into the coordinate system define by c.

Using similar triangle, the 2D project onto the image plane could be found as

 This 2D projection step determines the new scale of the projected object on the image plane.
Then, using homogeneous coordinates, then the overall matrix representation will be.

And bx = fx/fw and by = fy/fw.
Thus this provides us a matrix transformation of any points on the 3D object. We could then
construct the 2D plot of the object by projecting all points on 3D object.

Desargues’ Two Triangle Theorem 

In the perspective geometry , the Desargues’ Theorem states that, “ in a projective space, two triangles are in perspective axially if and only if they are in perspective centrally.” In another words, if the triangles have corresponding vertices jointed by the concurrent lines to form the perspective center, then the intersection of corresponding sides must be collinear and form the perspective axis. The converse must also be true, that is if two triangles’ corresponding sides are collinear, then their corresponding vertices are concurrent. The proof of this theorem is as following.

Considering the following figure the Desargues’ Theorem means that if PP’, QQ' RR’ al pass through one point O, perspective center, then the intersection points A by QR and Q' R', B by RP and R’P’ and C by PQ and P’Q all lies on one line.

We need to show that point C lies on the line AB. Suppose we have two perpendicular planes, the x-y plane and y-z plane, we then project the point P onto [-1 0 1]. Let two triangle PQR and P’Q’R’ lies in the y-z plane positioned so that line AB lies on the horizon line [x =0 z =1]. Since lines whose intersection is on the horizon line are parallel lines before projections, therefore by projection onto the x-y plane we obtain two triangles having two pairs of parallel sides. The remaining side must be parallel by similar triangles. Because the sides PQ and P’Q’ of the original triangles project into these parallel lines, their point of intersection C must lies on the vanishing line AB. The converse could be proved as following, suppose the triangle PQR and P’Q’R’ whose corresponding sides intersect in the three collinear points A,B,C and we need to prove that line RR’ coincident the intersection point Q created by line PP’ and QQ’. Here we shall apply the forward theorem to triangle AQQ’ and BPP’ whose joins of corresponding vertices all pass through C, while their intersections of corresponding sides are O R’ and R.

Conclusion

Perspective graphics adds realism into all kind of drawings. By studying them in depth, we could get a better understanding on how 3D objects appears to us and how should we to recreate them on the 2D plane more precisely. The different perspectives used in artistic works also based on geometrical and mathematical background. With the mathematical understanding of the perspective projection, we could write computer programs that will perform the necessary tasks for us. The perspective drawing also had a profound impact on the computer aided designs in the profession of architecture and engineering.